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A CECT-Based 2PI System as a Novel Noninvasive Prognostic Tool for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Dual-Validation Study

This study aimed to develop and validate machine learning (ML) models integrating clinical parameters and the 2PI system (Pathology and Prognosis-Informed Imaging System) for predicting postoperative recurrence risk in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The multicenter retrospective study included 496 patients with solitary HCC (≤ 5 cm). Surgical resection (SR) patients from the primary center constituted the training set; radiofrequency ablation (RFA) patients from the same center formed the internal test set; and…

Cancer Science · Health

Evidence-backed problem

The Challenges of Predicting Rare Outcomes: A Critical Appraisal of Machine Learning Using the Pediatric Resuscitation and Trauma Outcome (PRESTO) Model in a Tanzanian Injury Registry

Background Injuries are responsible for 950,000 deaths per year among children and adolescents under 18 years old. Trauma prediction scores are useful in determining severity and prognosis of injury patients. The pediatric resuscitation and trauma outcome (PRESTO) score was developed as a simple score for short-term mortality prediction in pediatric populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Using variables available at the bedside in resource-limited settings, PRESTO has been validated in South Af…

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Evidence-backed problem

From Biomedical Datasets to Fairness-Aware Recommendations: An Integrated Data Orchestration Pipeline for Binary Clinical Predictions

Many problems in biomedicine can be posed as binary classification. When they are addressed using artificial intelligence methods, though, average performance alone does not show whether a dataset is artificial intelligence ready, whether the endpoint is clinically valid, or whether errors are unevenly distributed across patient subgroups. This article presents the Fairness-Aware Data Orchestration Pipeline (FADOP), a reusable workflow that analyzes biomedical datasets, trains baseline binary classifiers, audits…

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Accuracy of General-Use Multimodal AI Platforms for Pell and Gregory Classification of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of two general-use artificial intelligence models, ChatGPT and Grok, in classifying impacted mandibular third molars using the Pell and Gregory system on panoramic radiographs, compared with a resident consensus reference standard. Materials and methods One hundred panoramic radiographic images of impacted mandibular third molars were independently classified by two blinded resident reviewers using the Pell and Gregory classification system. Resid…

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Evidence-backed problem

Artificial intelligence-driven decision-making after endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer

Early gastric cancer (EGC) is increasingly managed by endoscopic resection (ER); however, lymph node metastasis (LNM), which occurs in approximately 5%-10% of cases, remains the key determinant for recommending additional gastrectomy. Current guideline-based strategies, including the eCura system, provide structured risk stratification but rely on categorical decision-making and may lead to overtreatment, as nearly 90% of patients undergoing additional surgery do not have LNM. Artificial intelligence (AI) has em…

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Evidence-backed problem

A novel use of AI for prediction of clinical deterioration in a post-acute hospital

There is a growing literature on the prediction of risk of deterioration in hospital settings, including by leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) models. However, this literature has focused on acute-care hospitals, rather than post-acute facilities, where the risk of deterioration remains high. Post-acute facilities tend to have lower digital maturity and poorer data foundations, as well as less rich physiologic data, making the implementation of AI tools for deterioration challenging. In this study, we demon…

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Evidence-backed gain

Integrative bioinformatic analysis delineates a mitochondrial-hematopoietic gene signature for diagnosis and immune characterization in myelodysplastic syndromes

Objective This study aimed to develop a mitochondrial and hematopoiesis-related differentially expressed genes (MH-related DEGs) signature for Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) diagnosis and to characterize its regulatory network and immune microenvironment. Methods MH-related DEGs were defined as the intersection of differentially expressed genes from three integrated microarray datasets (GSE145733, GSE19429, GSE81173) with a curated set of mitochondrial- and hematopoiesis-related genes from public databases. Fun…

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Physics-Informed Neural Networks Meet Multimodal Large Language Models: Biomechanical Simulation in Aortic Aneurysm

Axial dissections of the thoracic artery are common causes of death in people diagnosed with aortic dissection; however, decisions to intervene on ascending thoracic aortic patients are determined by the size of the ascending thoracic aorta based on its diameter. Diameter-based criteria fail to take into consideration the biomechanical properties of the aorta as well as other characteristics of the patient, and finite element analysis (in determining aortic wall stresses) would ideally address the issues associa…

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Physics-Informed Neural Networks Meet Multimodal Large Language Models: Biomechanical Simulation in Aortic Aneurysm

Machine learning-integrated explainable artificial intelligence for survival prediction in urothelial carcinoma with enfortumab vedotin: an exploratory real-world analysis

Background Enfortumab vedotin (EV) has transformed treatment for advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC), but outcomes vary. Machine learning (ML) with explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) may improve survival prediction. Methods Data from 544 aUC patients receiving EV after platinum chemotherapy and immunotherapy (51 centers, 24 countries) were analyzed. Four machine learning (ML) algorithms (Random Survival Forest, XGBoost, Elastic Net-regularized Cox, Support Vector Machine) were trained (80%) and tested (20…

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A Real-World Evaluation of Large Language Model-Generated Hospital Courses in Pediatrics

Background Large language model (LLM)-generated hospital courses are increasingly integrated into electronic health records (EHRs), yet their accuracy and safety in pediatric populations remain poorly characterized. Objective To evaluate the accuracy, text quality, and perceived potential harm of EHR-integrated and LLM-generated hospital courses in pediatric inpatient care during early clinical implementation. Methods We conducted a descriptive evaluation from June 10 to August 8, 2025, at an academic freestandi…

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Artificial intelligence and ultra-high performance computing methods and experiments for drug discovery: virtual screening, deep learning, molecular dynamics simulations, ADMET modelling, and experimental validation

Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in computer-aided drug discovery, driven by the incorporation of computational technologies within both academic and pharmaceutical environments. This evolution is marked by a significant accumulation of data pertaining to detailed three-dimensional structural information, ligand properties, and their interactions with therapeutic targets. The augmentation of computational capabilities and the accessibility of extensive chemical libraries containing billions of d…

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Development of a Machine Learning Algorithm for Differential Diagnosis Between Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia and Connective Tissue Disease-Related Thrombocytopenia in Pediatric Patients

Background To develop a machine learning model for early differentiation of primary immune thrombocytopenia (pITP) from connective tissue disease-related thrombocytopenia (CTD-TP) in children presenting with thrombocytopenia. Method A retrospective study was conducted on 387 newly diagnosed children with thrombocytopenia. All patients were clinically diagnosed and divided into a training set and a test set in a 7:3 ratio. Six machine learning algorithms, including XGboost, RF, SVM, LR, GBDT, BPNN, were used to e…

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Machine learning models for early detection of urinary tract infections in kidney transplant patients

Background Renal transplantation is the preferred treatment for end-stage chronic kidney disease but requires lifelong immunosuppression, increasing the risk of infections such as urinary tract infection (UTI). UTI in kidney transplant recipients can lead to serious complications, including acute kidney injury, reduced graft survival, and increased mortality. Machine learning can enhance risk detection accuracy and support proactive management of complications. This study aims to develop a machine learning-based…

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Machine learning models for early detection of urinary tract infections in kidney transplant patients

SlideChat is a multimodal generative artificial intelligence assistant for whole-slide computational pathology across cancer types

Multimodal artificial intelligence, albeit showing great potential in computational pathology, remains limited to isolated patch-level interpretation and often fails to analyze gigapixel-scale whole-slide images (WSIs) essential for clinical utility. Here we present SlideChat, a multimodal generative artificial intelligence assistant for whole-slide computational pathology across cancer types. SlideChat integrates patch-level and slide-level pathology encoders with a pretrained large language model. Using 274,23…

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SlideChat is a multimodal generative artificial intelligence assistant for whole-slide computational pathology across cancer types

Ethical Considerations on Artificial Intelligence, Health and Health Care. All That Glisters Is Not Gold

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming global health care through innovations in deep learning, generative models and agentic AI systems. Traditional reductionist approaches to complex pathophysiological pathways fail to capture the true complexity of disease, motivating the adoption of network medicine (NM), which models biological systems as dynamic, interconnected networks. When combined with AI, NM enables integration of multiomic data and better characterizes disease mechanisms to guide pre…

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