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Assessing the Diagnostic Performance of ChatGPT-5.0 versus Machine Learning in Orthodontics: A Comparative Analysis for Extraction Treatment Planning

To make accurate orthodontic extraction decisions, various clinical and cephalometric variables must be evaluated. This study aims to evaluate ChatGPT-5.0's performance in distinguishing orthodontic extraction decisions and to compare it with five supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms. Of 550 retrospectively evaluated orthodontic records, 30 were reserved for calibration, leaving 520 for the main analysis. The reference standard was the consensus treatment decision of three expert orthodontists with more t…

Turkish Journal of Orthodontics · Health

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Clinical Research on Microecological Landscape for Infection Risk Stratification in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Hematological Conditions

Introduction Infection is a common and potentially fatal complication during the treatment of hematological diseases, particularly in the context of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression. The nonselective use of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia in China has persistently accelerated antimicrobial resistance. Early identification of patients at high risk for infection before clinical symptom onset could enable targeted preventive strategies; however, reliable and biologically informed screening…

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TrialTriage, a Semiautonomous Prescreening Workflow for Resolving Ambiguity in Phase I Oncology Trial Eligibility: Development and Proof-of-Concept Study Using Synthetic Cases

Enrollment in phase I oncology trials remains low largely because potentially eligible patients are not identified and evaluated quickly enough. Current clinical trial matching systems can identify candidate patients from the electronic health record, but cases with missing or uncertain eligibility data are often routed for offline manual review. This delay impedes clarification and prolongs the final eligibility determination. This study evaluated TrialTriage, a semiautonomous system built on the n8n platform a…

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AI-Assisted Electrocardiogram Interpretation Improves ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Diagnostic Accuracy Among Advanced Practice Providers: A Prospective Randomized Crossover Study

Timely and accurate diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is critical in military operational environments where evacuation may be delayed. Although artificial intelligence (AI) electrocardiogram (ECG) tools have demonstrated high diagnostic performance, their effectiveness among advanced practice providers (APPs) remains untested. This study evaluated whether AI-ECG interpretation by Queen of Hearts (QoH) AI software by PMcardio improves STEMI diagnostic accuracy, clinician confidence, and tim…

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Sleep Diagnostics and Monitoring Technology in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Objective This article helps neurologists understand modern approaches to diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea, including the clinical role and limitations of home sleep apnea testing, and learn how they can integrate wearable and noncontact technologies into patient care to improve diagnostic efficiency, monitor treatment, and reduce health disparities. Latest developments Advances in home sleep apnea testing have expanded beyond traditional type III monitors to include wearable devices such as wrist sensors and…

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Artificial intelligence in the radiologic diagnosis of major urological cancers: a meta-analysis

Objective Given the pivotal role of imaging in diagnosing urological cancers, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool to improve diagnostic accuracy and reliability. This study systematically evaluates the diagnostic performance of AI models in radiologic imaging of urological cancers. Methods A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases up to June 2026 to identify studies that applied AI algorithms for the diagnosis of urological cancers using CT, MRI, or ultrasound. Eligi…

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Promises and limitations of deep learning for predicting knee osteoarthritis progression from medical imaging: A systematic review

To systematically evaluate the performance, methodological quality, and translational barriers of deep learning (DL) models for predicting knee osteoarthritis (KOA) progression from medical imaging. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (inception to June 2026) for peer-reviewed studies applying DL to predict KOA progression from medical imaging. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using PROBAST-AI. The primary outcome was…

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Establishing diagnostic thresholds for adult ADHD screening in taxi drivers: validation of the CAARS-S via Item Response Theory and Machine Learning

Background Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is under-recognized in professional drivers, yet it poses significant safety risks. The Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale Short Version (CAARS-S:SV) lacks empirically validated cutoff scores for occupational screening in Iran. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian CAARS-S:SV in taxi drivers and to determine optimal ADHD diagnostic thresholds using both traditional and machine-learning methods. Methods A sample of 298…

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From machine learning to deep learning in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis: A bibliometric analysis of global trends (2011-2024)

Background The diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has traditionally relied on subjective clinical interviews. Recent years have witnessed a paradigm shift toward objective, data-driven diagnostics powered by artificial intelligence (AI). Objective This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric review of AI and machine learning (ML) applications in ADHD prediction to map the field's evolution, current trends, and future directions. Methods A structured search of the Scopus database ret…

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Large Language Model-Based Localization of Premature Ventricular Contraction Origins: A Retrospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study

Background Accurate localization of premature ventricular contraction (PVC) origin from 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) is important for procedural planning in catheter ablation. Although convolutional neural network (CNN)-based models have shown promising diagnostic performance, they require task-specific training and remain limited in interpretability. We evaluated whether large language model (LLM)-based ECG image interpretation could perform binary left-versus-right PVC origin localization from 12-lead ECG…

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Screening efficiency over experience: Rapid target detection in low-power field as a modifiable cognitive biomarker for diagnostic accuracy in digital cytology

Background Traditionally, cytology expertise has been equated with professional experience. However, the transition to whole-slide imaging and artificial intelligence (AI) necessitates a shift from exhaustive screening to rapid verification. The goal of this study was to identify cognitive biomarkers associated with diagnostic accuracy and evaluate their modifiability. Methods In phase 1, 100 cytotechnologists with 1-40 years of experience diagnosed 30 digital cytology images using eye-tracking. Gaze metrics acr…

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Screening efficiency over experience: Rapid target detection in low-power field as a modifiable cognitive biomarker for diagnostic accuracy in digital cytology

Multiomics Profiling Identifies Blood-Based Diagnostic Markers for Sepsis

Sepsis, characterized by a rapid transition to systemic immune dysregulation and multiorgan failure, poses a formidable clinical challenge. The lack of spatiotemporally stable biomarkers severely impedes early diagnosis and risk stratification. By integrating large-scale transcriptomic profiling with machine learning algorithms, this study identified a robust three-gene diagnostic signature (TLR5, HMGB2, and C19orf59). Single-cell RNA sequencing precisely localized the sepsis-induced specific upregulation of the…

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Advancing Radiology Education with Artificial Intelligence: Curriculum Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly integrating into clinical radiology, creating a continuous emphasis on the necessity of teaching its principles to radiology trainees. However, the potential of AI to transform radiology education remains underexplored. The authors review how AI can be leveraged to enhance radiology education, from curriculum planning to its implementation and evaluation. Guided by Harden's 10-step framework for curriculum development, they systematically examine current and potential futu…

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Imminent opioid overdose risk prediction using classical and machine learning survival models following first recorded opioid-related diagnosis: a prospective cohort study from the <i>All of Us</i> research program

Background: Identifying patients at risk of opioid overdose in healthcare settings is critical, yet evidence on predictive models and their performance to predict imminent opioid overdose remains limited. Objective: We compared classical and Machine Learning (ML) survival models to predict 30-day overdose risk following a first opioid-related diagnosis to determine whether algorithmic complexity improves clinical decision support. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study using longitudinal Electronic Hea…

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Imminent opioid overdose risk prediction using classical and machine learning survival models following first recorded opioid-related diagnosis: a prospective cohort study from the <i>All of Us</i> research program

Deep learning models for predicting clinical activity and characteristics in thyroid eye disease using magnetic resonance imaging

Purpose This project aims to develop and evaluate deep learning models using orbital magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of continuous clinical activity score and key patient characteristics in thyroid eye disease. Methods The publicly available TOM500 dataset, consisting of orbital magnetic resonance imaging scans and clinical data from 500 thyroid eye disease patients, was split into training ( n = 360), validation ( n = 100), and test ( n = 40) sets. A ResNet-50 convolutional neural network pretrain…

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Deep learning models for predicting clinical activity and characteristics in thyroid eye disease using magnetic resonance imaging